Common Foaling Complications

Foaling, or the process of giving birth to a foal, can be a complex and unpredictable event. Foaling complications during the birthing process can occur, but their frequency can vary depending on various factors such as the age, health, and breed of the mare, as well as the foal’s size and position. Studies have shown that the incidence of foaling complications ranges from 5% to 25%, with the highest risk occurring in older mares and those with a history of previous foaling problems.

These complications can be serious and potentially life-threatening for both the mare and foal, so it is important for horse owners and caretakers to be prepared and knowledgeable about the signs and management of these issues.

Some common complications that may arise during foaling include:

1. Dystocia: Dystocia refers to difficult or prolonged labor, which can occur due to various factors such as foal size, malpresentation, or inadequate uterine contractions.
2. Placental retention: After foaling, the mare must pass the placenta. Failure to do so can lead to uterine infection, which can be life-threatening.
3. Premature placental separation: In some cases, the placenta can separate from the uterus before the foal is born, which can cause hemorrhage and compromise the foal’s oxygen supply.
4. Red bag delivery: A red bag delivery, which is a form of premature placental separation, occurs when the placenta separates from the uterus prematurely, but instead of separating normally, it remains attached to the foal and forms a red bag-like structure. This can lead to oxygen deprivation and other complications for the foal.
5. Uterine rupture: This is a rare but serious complication in which the mare’s uterus tears during labor.
6. Malpresentation: A foal may present in a position other than the normal head-first position. There are several types of malpresentation that can occur during foal delivery, including:
   • Breech presentation: This is when the foal is positioned with its hindquarters first instead of its head. Breech presentation can make delivery difficult and increase the risk of injury to the foal or mare.
   • Transverse presentation: In this position, the foal is lying sideways in the mare’s uterus, making it impossible for it to pass through the birth canal. This is a life-threatening situation for the foal and requires immediate veterinary attention.
   • Shoulder presentation: This occurs when one of the foal’s front legs is bent back, causing the shoulder to become stuck in the mare’s pelvis. It can be a difficult and potentially dangerous situation, as the foal may become stuck and require assistance to be born.
   • Head-back presentation: In this presentation, the foal’s head is bent backwards, which can make delivery difficult and increase the risk of injury to the foal or mare.
   • Head-first but inverted presentation: In this situation, the foal is positioned head-first but is upside-down, with its front legs above its head. This can also make delivery difficult and increase the risk of injury to the foal or mare.
7. Fetal distress: If the foal is experiencing distress during labor, it may require immediate intervention to prevent injury or death.

It is important for horse owners and caretakers to be familiar with these potential foaling complications and to have a plan in place for managing them in case they arise. Working with a veterinarian who specializes in equine reproduction, having access to emergency veterinary care, and monitoring the mare closely during the foaling process can help reduce the risk of foaling complications and improve outcomes for both the mare and foal.